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- From: pjordan@cab013.cs.ualberta.ca (Peter Jordan)
- Newsgroups: alt.drugs,soc.culture.china,soc.culture.singapore
- Subject: Opium Chronology in China
- Date: 24 Dec 1994 00:49:09 GMT
- Message-ID: <3dfr65$bi1@scapa.cs.ualberta.ca>
-
- I divorce myself from all the biases and inacuracies and inflammatory
- comments which may catch the *spark* in your eye. All flames will be
- diverted into /dev/null.
-
-
- OPIUM IN CHINA (1700-1860)
-
- CHRONOLOGY:
-
- source: (Research Issues 24) Perspectives on the History of Psychoactive
- Substance Use; NIDA,USDHEW 1978. pgs 134-140 (i doubt I'll do that muc
-
- c. 1700 Introduction Use of tobacco-opium mixtures (madak) begins in the
- East Indies (probably Java) spreads to Formosa, Fukien and the South China
- coast (refs). In 1689, Engelberg Kaempfer inspects primitive dens where the
- mixture is dispensed (Amoenitates Exoticae, 1712:642-5).
-
- 1729 First Edict Reports reach Peking of the evils of opium smoking
- (shrivelling up the features; early deaths) in
- Formosa and Fukien; Emperor Yung Chen prohibits
- the sale of opium and the operation of smoking
- houses. etc. etc. blah blah blah.....
-
- c. 1750 The British East India Company assumes control of Bengal
- and Bihar, the opium growing districts of eastern India;
- British shipping dominates the Bengal opium trade out of
- Calcutta.
-
- 1757 Early Trade Britain annexes Bengal; the Chinese confine
- foreing trade to Canton where it can be restricted
- and controlled in the interests of revenue for
- the Chinese. Honk Kong merchants serve as
- intermediaries between the foreigners and the
- Chinese authorities.
-
- 1767 Opium Imports Rise Opium from Bengal continues to enter China despite
- the edict of 1729 prohibiting smoking. It
- increases in frequency from 200 chests annually
- in 1729 to 1000 annually by 1967. However, much is
- for medicinal use. Tariffs are collected on the
- opium.
-
- 1772 The East India company establishes a limited monopoly over Bengal
- opium; the company has general control but the operation is
- in the hands of contractors, who advance company funds to the
- farmers, purchase the opium produced, and sell it to the company
- which then auctions it off to merchants in Calcutta.
- British companies are the principal shippers.
-
- 1773-86 Limited Monopoly Warren Hastings, the first governor general of
- India, recognizes that opium is harmful and at
- first opposes increasing production; later
- he encoiurages the the control of opium by the
- company hoping that by monopolizing and
- limiting the supply he will discourage its
- consumption. This limited monopoly lasts
- throughout his administration and beyond,
- but when the Chinese market is discovered,
- the monopoly shifts from controlling to
- expanding cultivation.
-
- 1779 Opium Imported First mention of actual trading in opium at Canton.
-
- 1780 Prohibition Attempted British traders establish an opium depot at
- Macao. ANother imperial edict prohibits
- consumption of opium and reiterates
- prohibition of its sale.
-
- 1787 British Trade in opium is still less important than trade
- debate in commodities; directors of the East India Company,
- over opium. recognizing China's objections to the importation of
- opium, make offers to prohibit the export of Indian
- opium to China. However, company representatives
- in Canton declare that the Chinese are never sincere
- in their declared intentions of suppressing illicit
- traffic, as long as the officials issue prohibitory
- edicts with one hand and extend the other to receive
- bribes from the illegal trade.
-
- deletia
-
- 1796 Prohibition Alarmed by increasing use, the emperor issues an
- Attempted edict forbiding importation of opium, as well as
- export of Chinese silver that is being used as a
- medium of exchange. Now even legitimate trade is limited to barter.
- Nonetheless, illegal purchase of opium with silver continues.
-
- 1797 Trade Monopoly The company assumes full control of Bengal opium.
-
- 1799 Trade, A strong edict by authorities at Canton,
- cultivation ban. supporting the emperor's decree of 1796,
- forbids opium trade at that port. A
- concurrent drive against native poppy growing is initiated. Opium becomes
- an illicit commodity.
-
- Trade diverted, The 1799 edict increases traffic through
- smuggling. Macao and other areas beyond government
- control enabling UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH. The British
- declare only their legitimate cargo, leave opium on board to be picked up
- by Chinese mercahnts who smuggle it ashore in small, fast ( :) boats.
-
- 1800 Anti-Opium Opium becomes identified with official
- policy develops. corruption, criminals and antigovernment
- secret societies. An imperial edict
- prohibits domestic cultivation and repeats the prohibition against
- importing opium. China develops an anti-opium policy, at least on paper.
- Edicts continue to be issued reiterating prohibitions against importation,
- sale, and consumption of opium.
-
- 1804 Canton Trade Resumes Opium trading resumes at the port of Canton.
- Though the 1799 edict is still in force,
- it has little effect and no immediate practical change in policy ensues.
-
-
- etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
-
- Maybe I 'll type more later. Depends on the colour of the flames I guess.
-
- Peter J.
-
- =============================================================================
-
- From: pjordan@cab013.cs.ualberta.ca (Peter Jordan)
- Newsgroups: alt.drugs,talk.politics.drugs,soc.culture.netherlands,soc.culture.singapore,soc.culture.china
- Subject: Opiates Britain 1800-1917
- Date: 25 Dec 1994 14:15:39 GMT
- Message-ID: <3djuqc$5pe@scapa.cs.ualberta.ca>
-
-
- " Patent medicines and opium preperations such as _Dover's Powder
- were readilly available without restrictions. Indeed,
- Laudanum (opium mixed with alcohol) was cheaper than beer or wine
- and readily within the means of the lowest-paid worker. As a result,
- throughout the first half of the 19th century, the incidence of opium
- dependance appears to have increased steadily in Enland, Europe and the
- United States. Working-class medicinal use of opium-bearing _nostrums_
- as sedatives for children was especially prominent in England.
- However, despite some well known cases among 19th century English
- literary amd creative personalities--Thomas de Quincey, Byron, Shelley,
- Coleridge, and Dickens--recreational use was
- limited, and there is no evidence that use was so excessive as to be a
- medical or social concern."
-
-
- SOURCE:
- Perspectives on the History of Psychoactive Substance Use. REsearch Issues 24;
- NIDA, USDHEW; pg. 155 [Opiates Britain 1800-1917]
-
-
- Chronology:
-
- 1800-20s Domestic opium cultivation is encouraged by increased
- Increased use; opium use, along with rising prices and problems with
- Cultivation. adulteration. It declines after the 1820s, but there
- does not appear to have been any call for controls.
- skip
-
- 1834-50 An awareness grows of endemic opium use among Fenish
- Fenland use. peoples, who both tolerate and successfully control
- their use by informal social mechanisms. Use is
- particularly widespread among poorer classes, agricultural populations, the
- inhabitants of small hamlets and isolated farms, and women and babies.
- Contemporary observers attribute initiation of use for the rheumatic pains
- which plague almost everyone in this low-lying marshy area.
-
-
- 1839 Opium and its preparations are responsible for more
- Concern Grows premature deaths than any other chemical agent.
- Opiates account for 186 of 543 poisonings, including
- no fewer than 72 among children.
-
- * * * * * * *
-
- Chotto yasumimashoo .
-
- * * * * * * *
-
- Peter J.
-
- (totemo omoshiroi desu)
-
-
-